Martin Nøkleberg

• Øygarden, Olaug; Nøkleberg, Martin & Gressgård, Leif Jarle (2023). Reforming for trust and professionalism in municipal healthcare services: implications for human resource management. BMC Health Services Research. 23(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10006-8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Background Many countries face an increasing demand for home-based healthcare services, and consequently experience a mismatch between expectations and available financial and human resources. It is therefore important to utilize human resources more efficiently, while at the same time offer jobs that attract the professionals they need. This article reports a study of the development and piloting of a new organizational model for home-based healthcare services in a Norwegian municipality, which addresses the need to provide efficient services and enhance trust and professionalism within healthcare services by improving work autonomy and involvement of employees. Methods The research project this article draws its empirical material from was commissioned by the municipality piloting the new organizational model and executed in collaboration with the municipality based on an evaluative trailing research (ETR) design. The data consists of interviews with key personnel and knowledge exchange between researchers and the involved actors in the pilot project. 20 semi-structured interviews involving a total of 34 informants were conducted. The analysis emphasises how different employee groups and management perceived and experienced various aspects of the work situation, as they were introduced to working and managing within the new organizational model. The aim is to shed light on how these employees and managers feel about it, interpret it, and respond to it. Results Overall, the results indicate that the model holds potential for realizing the benefits it aims for. However, there were also challenges that need resolving for the model to fulfil this potential. Central elements include clarification of roles and responsibilities for employees and managers, competence specification and development, and development of structures for inter-professional cross-team collaboration and information provision. Conclusions Trust reform initiatives may be a strategy for fostering high-involvement work systems. To achieve this, sufficient attention must be paid to ensuring structures for information exchange and knowledge development in the early phases of implementation, or preferably prior to implementation. The theoretical model applied in this study could potentially be a useful managerial tool in preparing for and implementing trust reforms in healthcare services.

• Nøkleberg, Martin & Gundhus, Helene Ingebrigtsen (2023). Schengen as a European criminal justice instrument – the power of evaluation. I Brandariz, José A.; Klaus, Witold & Martynowicz, Agnieszka (Red.), Forced Mobility of EU Citizens: Transnational Criminal Justice Instruments and the Management of 'Unwanted' EU Nationals. Routledge. ISSN 9781032184531. s. 187–208. doi: 10.4324/9781003254584. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Schengen agreement, signed in 1985, is considered pivotal to European integration project, as it is designed to support the free movement of persons and cross-border mobility by the removal of internal border checks. By making movement across internal borders in Europe easier, the agreement is assumed to promote the use of the four freedoms and thus provide citizens and businesses with new opportunities to pursue with positive economic externalities. This chapter aims to unpack the development of Schengen by seeing evaluation and monitoring mechanisms as a form of power. It looks at evaluation as a governance instrument shaping the construction of Schengen as a criminal justice and security area. Taking the case of Schengen evaluation of Norway as its point of departure, the chapter explores how Norwegian police officers perceive and navigate the mechanism which enables a form of community of practice, and how they view the move towards tighter control by the European Commission in the evaluation process.

• Nøkleberg, Martin (2023). Securing Norwegian Maritime Ports: Navigation in a complex regulatory regime. I Eski, Yarin & Wright, Martin (Red.), Maritime Crime and Policing. Routledge. ISSN 9781032022116. s. 253–273. doi: 10.4324/9781003182382-17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Maritime ports are seen as crucial structures where an immense flow of people, goods, and capital is facilitated and often considered the backbone supporting the international trade regime. As such, ports are highly important, but at the same time vulnerable, spaces in need of security, encompassing both the sites and actors themselves and the flows that converge in them. The (in)security facing contemporary ports makes them places where there is intensified policing, in which different measures have been introduced to safeguard the maritime industry. As a result, ports are entangled in a complex web of international, national, and local legislation and regulation, impacting the practices of many port actors. This chapter unpacks the everyday realities and experiences among public and private actors securing and policing Norwegian port environments. Drawing on empirical research from the Port of Stavanger and Port of Kristiansand, the chapter is concerned with how the actors navigate within the regulatory regime.

• Nøkleberg, Martin (2022). Policing Global Hubs: Balancing the Imperatives of Security and Trade. British Journal of Criminology. ISSN 0007-0955. 63(3), s. 709–726. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azac060. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Global hubs such as airports and maritime ports are geographical centers where immense flows converge, and are characterized by speed, time and efficiency in linking local markets and global economic trade networks. Being symbolic infrastructures of capitalism, global hubs may attract criminal exploitation and be exposed to security risks. Drawing on extensive interview material from those involved in Norwegian airport and port security, this article explores how policing agencies experience the balancing of the imperatives of security and trade. It reveals how policing agencies are affected by, and seek to adapt to, the demands for efficiency and speed intrinsic to the trade regime, thereby highlighting the importance of the temporal dimension to understanding the complexities of contemporary security governance.

• Nøkleberg, Martin (2022). “Nobody wants queues” – Balancing the imperatives of security and trade at global hubs. Nordic Criminology Blog. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2022). Plural Policing in Norway: Regulation, Collaboration, and the Public Interests. I Hirschmann, Nathalie; John, Tobias; Reichl, Frauke & Garand, Jacqueline Abigail (Red.), Plural Policing in the Global North: Insights into Concepts, Aspects and Practices. Springer. ISSN 9783031162725. s. 137–158. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2021). Expecting the exceptional in the everyday: Policing global transportation hubs. Security Dialogue. ISSN 0967-0106. doi: 10.1177/09670106211007066. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  There has been considerable scholarly interest regarding the notion of exceptionality, i.e. how and under what conditions extraordinary powers and measures are justified in the name of security. Exceptional threats are now omnipresent in the security discourse of the aviation and maritime industries, and this influences the everyday working environment. Taking Norwegian airport and port security as its point of departure, this article analyzes how security and policing agencies perceive, experience, and respond to the exceptional as part of their everyday practice. Drawing on extensive interview material with security agencies, it reveals how agencies construct strategies to cope with the consequences of exceptionality that arise from heightened (in)security and vulnerability. This article demonstrates that instrumental logic in risk management is one crucial strategy, but evidence also reveals the importance of the human dimension in security practices, as the emotional aspect of security consciousness is a part of the everyday life of security agencies. Closely associated with this is the emergence of mechanisms of active resistance that provide excitement and alleviate boredom.

• Nøkleberg, Martin (2021). Expecting the exceptional in the everyday: Policing global transportation hubs. The Security Dialogue blog. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2020). The History and Nature of Flows: An Exploration of the Continuity and Changes of the Policing of Flows from the 16th to the 21st Century. I Hufnagel, Saskia & Moiseienko, Anton (Red.), Policing Transnational Crime: Law Enforcement of Criminal Flows. Routledge. ISSN 9780815354635. s. 7–26. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2020). Examining the How of Plural Policing: Moving from Normative Debate to Empirical Enquiry. British Journal of Criminology. ISSN 0007-0955. s. 1–22. doi: 10.1093/bjc/azz080. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The networked and plural nature of policing suggests that agencies are often involved in extensive exchanges of expertise, resources and knowledge. However, the network structure and distribution of power between various policing actors can vary considerably. This highlights the importance of developing sound analytical perspectives that can help unpack the complexities behind the linkages. Applying the network perspective, this article underlines the value of utilizing analytical tools and approaches drawn from social network analysis, such as brokerage and homophily, to empirically assess the roles of agencies and their contribution to plural policing. This, in turn, shows how, in the mixed economy of policing, as well as being understood in terms of the normative debates that often figure in the current literature, relational phenomena also require more sophisticated empirical approaches.

• Nøkleberg, Martin (2019). The public-private divide revisited: questioning the middle ground of hybridity in policing. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy. ISSN 1043-9463. s. 1–17. doi: 10.1080/10439463.2019.1576673. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The increasing pluralisation of policing and the changing patterns of security have in the past decades called into question the sharp dividing lines between the ‘public’ and the ‘private’. For instance, Marc Schuilenburg ([2015. The securitization of society: crime, risk, and social order. New York University Press]) outlines the notion of the middle ground – where everything is becoming hybrid – which fundamentally changes the relationships and practices of policing agencies, making the conceptual pairs of public-private obsolete. However, by examining policing collaboration in the airport and maritime port environment in Norway, the empirical findings in this article reveal that the public-private divide is still salient to the various policing agencies. The findings are at odds with the conceptual and empirical assumptions about the middle ground of hybridity in policing. The article demonstrates that both public and private policing agencies strongly rely on the traditional dividing lines of public and private to navigate and make sense of their practices and relations, as well as their own sense of identity in a complex policing environment. The article discusses the implications of these findings.

• Froestad, Jan; Nøkleberg, Martin; Shearing, Clifford & Trollip, Hilton (2018). South Africa's Minerals-Energy Complex: Flows, Regulation, Governance, and Policing. I Omorogbe, Yinka & Ordor, Ada Okoye (Red.), Ending Africa's Energy Deficit and the Law: Achieving Sustainable Energy for All in Africa. Oxford University Press. ISSN 9780198819837. s. 308–343. doi: 10.1093/oso/9780198819837.003.0016. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2016). Security Governance – An Empirical Analysis of the Norwegian Context. Nordisk politiforskning. 3(1), s. 53–82. doi: 10.18261/issn.1894-8693-2016-01-05. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Øygarden, Olaug; Gressgård, Leif Jarle & Nøkleberg, Martin (2024). Her er en ny type oppgavedeling innført i hjemmetjenesten. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Øygarden, Olaug; Gressgård, Leif Jarle; Nøkleberg, Martin & Fagertun, Anette (2022). INCA: Foreløpige funn og refleksjoner 1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2020). Sosial nettverksanalyse og institusjonelle landskap: Polisiær virksomhet som eksempel. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2019). Security networks and plural policing in Norwegian ports. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2018). Security networks – power, brokerage and information exchange. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2018). Security networks – power, brokerage and information exchange. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). Sikkerhet og nettverk – opplevelse av samarbeid i polisiær virksomhet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). Plural policing, nodal governance og state anchored pluralism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). Gaining Access to Security Environments in Norway. Translational Criminology. Spring. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). Exploring the perception of collaboration within security networks. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). Nettverksteori og sosial nettverksanalyse. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). The challenges of negotiating research access to police organization. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). Understanding the perception of collaboration within security networks. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). The dynamic space of airports and ports – regulation, policing and governing of flows. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2017). The challenges of negotiating research access to police organization. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2016). Bridging the disciplines through the concept of security? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2016). Governing security in spaces of flows. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2016). Reflections on security – an essentially contested concept? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2016). Governing security in spaces of flows - A comparative study of the security governance at airports and maritime ports in Norway and Australia. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2016). The history and nature of flows – an exploration of the continuity and changes of the policing of flows. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2015). Nettverksteori – sosial nettverksanalyse, hva er det og hva kan det brukes til? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2015). Managing the flows of electrons and men in South Africa’s Minerals-Energy-Complex: regulation, governance and policing. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin (2025). Forskningsomtale: Bevæpning i politiet. Politihøgskolen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nøkleberg, Martin; Gundhus, Helene Ingebrigtsen; Dyb, Evelyn & Lid, Stian (2022). Evaluering av SaLTo-samarbeidet. Forutsetninger for effektivt tverretatlig og tverrfaglig samarbeid. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ulrich, Stein; Nøkleberg, Martin & Gundhus, Helene Oppen Ingebrigtsen (2020). Schengen evaluation: An educational experience the example of Norway. Politihøgskolen. ISSN 9788278081518. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  BACKGROUND Schengen evaluation is a mechanism for assessing the compliance with Schengen rules and regulations by all participating countries. This report provides a brief introduction to the origin and framework of Schengen evaluation. Since the first mechanism was set up in 1998 all Schengen countries have been evaluated more than once. FOCUS ON LEARNING EFFECTS The study looks at Schengen evaluation as an educational experience. The aim was to analyse if evaluation has improved the quality of service, raised the level of professionalism and improved educational activities in the police or border guard service of a Schengen state. NORWAY AS AN EXAMPLE The study uses Norway as an empirical example and describes all four evaluations carried out (2000-2001, 2005, 2011-2012 and 2017). The results are analysed and given comments. METHODS The findings are based on documentation, interviews and a survey among police officers. MAIN FINDINGS The study argues that Schengen evaluation has had a very positive effect on how the police in Norway carry out Schengen external border control, conduct police cooperation within the framework of Schengen and use Schengen-related information systems and other technology in border management. It also emphasises the importance of Schengen evaluation for the development of Integrated Border Management (IBM) in Norway.

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