Tore Bjørgo

• Bjørgo, Tore (2026). Preventing hate crime: A holistic approach. I Walters, Mark; Awan, Imran; Hagerlid, Mika; Kondakov, Alexander & Schweppe, Jennifer (Red.), De Gruyter European Handbook on Hate Crime. De Gruyter Brill. ISSN 9783110892864. s. 423–442. doi: 10.1515/9783110799989-025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2025). Fem dimensjoner av endring i ekstremistiske karrierer. I Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth & Harnes, Elisabeth (Red.), Innsats mot ekstremisme i teori og praksis. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245050783. s. 121–140. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Det som gjerne omtales som radikalisering er komplekse prosesser som foregår langs flere dimensjoner og i flere retninger. Dette kapittelet presenterer en modell over endring i ekstremistiske karrierer langs fem ulike dimensjoner: Det handler om endringer i ekstreme holdninger, deltakelse i ekstremistiske aktiviteter, deltakelse i kriminalitet, sosial marginalisering/reintegrering, og mental helse. Disse dimensjonene er forbundet, men de er løst forbundet. En positiv eller negativ endring på en av disse dimensjonene kan forårsake en kjedereaksjon som påvirker de andre dimensjonene i samme retning, og lede til fundamental endring for den enkelte. Personen kan ende opp som terrorist på det ene ytterpunktet, eller som en velintegrert samfunnsborger på den andre siden. Dette kan gi en kjedereaksjon eller kaskadeeffekt. Denne forståelsen peker på muligheter for forebygging og intervensjon for den enkelte: Hvis vi kan identifisere områder i en persons liv der positiv endring er mulig, kan en negativ spiral mot voldelig ekstremisme brytes, og/eller det kan gi et løft til en positiv utvikling – ut av voldelig ekstremisme.

• Bjørgo, Tore (2025). Fem ulike typer deltakere i voldelige ekstremistgrupper, og deres veier inn og ut. I Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth & Harnes, Elisabeth (Red.), Innsats mot ekstremisme i teori og praksis. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245050783. s. 95–119. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Oppfatningene av hvem som blir voldelige ekstremister og hva som driver dem, er ofte preget av stereotypier og enkle forklaringsmodeller om veien fra radikalisering til terror. Men det er ingen ensrettet vei inn til ekstremistiske grupper eller til deltakelse i terroraktiviteter. De som deltar, har varierende beveggrunner for å bli med, og det samme gjelder deres eventuelle veier ut. Likevel er det noen typiske trekk som går igjen, men som likevel varierer betydelig mellom ulike typer personer som deltar i ekstremisme. I dette kapitlet systematiseres denne variasjonen gjennom en modell med fem idealtyper av deltakere, og som kombinerer dette med en modell for push-, pull- og barrierefaktorer i endringsprosessene inn i og ut av ekstremistiske grupper og aktiviteter. De fem typene er påvirket av ganske ulike kombinasjoner av push, pull og barrierer for endring. Slik innsikt kan brukes til å påvirke disse faktorene med sikte på å redusere rekruttering til ekstremisme og bistå til å legge til rette for at aktivister avslutter sin deltakelse og reintegreres tilbake til det vanlige samfunnet.

• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2023). The Evolution of the Extreme Right in Norway Since the 1990s. I Kondor, Katherine Ann & Littler, Mark (Red.), The Routledge Handbook of Far-Right Extremism in Europe. Routledge. ISSN 9781032187976. s. 173–188. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2023). Introduction to the Special Section on Anti-Government Extremism. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 17(1), s. 67–72. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gøtzsche-Astrup, Oluf; Lindekilde, Lasse; Fjellman, Anne Marie; Bjørgo, Tore; Solhjell, Randi & Haugstvedt, Håvard [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Trust in interagency collaboration: The role of institutional logics and hybrid professionals. Journal of Professions and Organization. ISSN 2051-8803. 10(1), s. 65–79. doi: 10.1093/jpo/joac022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fardzadeh, Haghish Ebad; Obaidi, Milan; Strømme, Thea Bertnes; Bjørgo, Tore & Grønnerød, Cato (2023). Mental Health, Well-Being, and Adolescent Extremism: A Machine Learning Study on Risk and Protective Factors. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. ISSN 2730-7166. doi: 10.1007/s10802-023-01105-5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We examined the relationship between adolescents’ extremist attitudes with a multitude of mental health, well-being, psycho- social, environmental, and lifestyle variables, using state-of-the-art machine learning procedure and nationally representative survey dataset of Norwegian adolescents (N = 11,397). Three key research questions were addressed: 1) can adolescents with extremist attitudes be distinguished from those without, using psycho-socio-environmental survey items, 2) what are the most important predictors of adolescents’ extremist attitudes, and 3) whether the identified predictors correspond to specific latent factorial structures? Of the total sample, 17.6% showed elevated levels of extremist attitudes. The prevalence was significantly higher among boys and younger adolescents than girls and older adolescents, respectively. The machine learn- ing model reached an AUC of 76.7%, with an equal sensitivity and specificity of 70.5% in the test dataset, demonstrating a satisfactory performance for the model. Items reflecting on positive parenting, quality of relationships with parents and peers, externalizing behavior, and well-being emerged as significant predictors of extremism. Exploratory factor analysis partially supported the suggested latent clusters. Out of the 550 psycho-socio-environmental variables analyzed, behavioral problems, individual and social well-being, along with basic needs such as a secure family environment and interpersonal relation- ships with parents and peers emerged as significant factors contributing to susceptibility to extremism among adolescents.

• Christensen, Tina Wilchen; Lindekilde, Lasse; Sivenbring, Jennie; Bjørgo, Tore; Gjelsvik, Ingvild Magnæs & Solhjell, Randi [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). “Being a Risk” or “Being at Risk”: Factors Shaping Negotiation of Concerns of Radicalization within Multiagency Collaboration in the Nordic Countries. Democracy and Security. ISSN 1741-9166. 20(1), s. 1–24. doi: 10.1080/17419166.2023.2220117. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Braddock, Kurt (2022). Anti-Government Extremism: A New Threat? Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 16(6), s. 2–8. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In recent years, intelligence and security agencies have identified “anti-government extremism” (AGE) as an emerging threat to democracy, political processes, institutions, and elected politicians. However, this term is used to refer to a rather wide range of phenomena, movements, ideas and actions, and it is not always clear what exactly makes such manifestations extremist rather than being considered legitimate expressions of political dissent. We hope that this Special Issue of Perspectives on Terrorism will contribute to open a scholarly discussion on these issues and give us a better grasp on this slippery AGE concept and phenomenon.

• Bjørgo, Tore; Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Patterns and Consequences of Threats Towards Politicians: Results from Surveys of National and Local Politicians in Norway. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 16(6), s. 100–119. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Norway has experienced vicious acts of anti-government terrorism in the form of a massive car bomb attack on the government district and a shooting massacre on members of the youth wing of the governing Labour Party in 2011. Still, such acts of violence towards politicians are rare and exceptional. However, violent threats and harassment are common and have a significant negative impact on the private and political lives of elected representatives. In this article, we study the extent to which democracy is being slowly undermined through every day forms of harassment of, and threats against, politicians. The research is based on a unique series of surveys with Norwegian national and local politicians, including the parties’ youth wings, exploring the extent to which they have been exposed to various forms of harassment, threats, and violent attacks, and the consequences. The surveys provide comparable data between different categories of politicians as well as longitudinal data on the experiences of members of parliament and cabinet ministers. The findings show that elected politicians are significantly exposed to hateful harassment, verbal threats, particularly through social media. A few politicians have also experienced actual violent attacks. Such exposure has a major impact on both the private and political lives of the politicians, in particular female politicians. As a result, threats of violence and other forms of hateful harassment towards elected politicians represents a considerable challenge to democratic processes and institutions. Given that Norway is a country characterized by a well-functioning liberal democracy, a low level of political polarization, and a generally high level of trust in authorities among the population, such threat to the democracy system is most likely even more severe in other countries.

• Bjørgo, Tore & Jupskås, Anders Ravik (2021). The Long-Term Impacts of Attacks: The Case of the July 22, 2011 Attacks in Norway. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 15(3), s. 2–13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This special issue explores the long-term impacts of the July 22 attacks in Norway in 2011, carried out by an extreme right terrorist lone actor. The Introduction article will first describe the car bomb attack on the Government District in Oslo and the subsequent mass shooting of young participants at the Labour Party’ youth organisation at the Utøya Island. Next, it will discuss dimensions of impact at three levels: the individual, the national/societal, and the global levels. Finally, the article asks why some terrorist attacks have stronger and more lasting impacts than others, comparing the July 22 attacks with some other large-scale terrorist atrocities (like the 9/11 and 7/7 attacks in the US and UK) but also some small-scale but nevertheless significant attacks. Three factors stand out: Severity (in terms of casualties and other harm), innovation (the terrorists did something different that became extra shocking and newsworthy), and responses (from governments, the public or potential supporters).

• Macklin, Graham David & Bjørgo, Tore (2021). Breivik’s Long Shadow? The Impact of the July 22, 2011 Attacks on the Modus Operandi of Extreme-right Lone Actor Terrorists. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 15(3), s. 14–36. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This article investigates the extent to which Norwegian terrorist Anders Behring Breivik has influenced the modus operandi of extreme right lone actor terrorists in the decade since his own attacks on July 22, 2011. The article presents an overview of the principal cases in which Breivik’s name has appeared as either a potential influence or inspiration. It argues that despite his own best efforts, detailed in his manifesto, and the Christchurch shootings on March 15, 2019—for which his inspiration, at first glance, appears to be writ large—Breivik’s actual tactical influence upon the subsequent trajectory of extreme attacks from the extreme right has been limited.

• Berntzen, Lars Erik Nese & Bjørgo, Tore (2021). The Term ‘Lone Wolf’ and its Alternatives. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 15(3), s. 132–141. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Prominent cases of terror attacks planned and perpetrated by individuals have generated an ongoing public and academic debate about how to understand this phenomenon. The moniker “lone wolf ” stands at the center of this debate. In this Research Note, we highlight three overarching points of criticism levelled at the use of this term: one conceptual, one normative and one empirical. While the solution to the latter problem primarily lies in being stringent, proposed solutions for the first two problems involved the exchange of the metaphor “lone wolf ” with terms such as “lone actor” and “solo terrorist”. This Research Note focuses on patterns in public, popular cultural and academic use of “lone wolf ” as well as the proposed alternatives “lone actor” and “solo terrorist”. It does so by utilizing data from Google Trends, Google Books Ngram Viewer and Google Scholar for the period 2000 to 2020. Trends in Google searches across the world indicate a moderate increase in public attention whereas using English language literature as a proxy for popular cultural attention shows a steady increase. Finally, academic use of the term “lone wolf ” exploded in the aftermath of the July 22, 2011 terror attacks and has remained at high levels ever since. Among the proposed alternatives to “lone wolf ”, only “lone actor” has truly gained academic prominence. While overcoming some of the issues with the “lone wolf” metaphor, patterns in the data indicate that the neutrality and abstract nature of the term “lone actor” also comes with some drawbacks. To help counteract this, we suggest that researchers avoid using shorthand versions and consistently use the full term “lone actor terrorist”.

• Busher, Joel & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Restraint in Terrorist Groups and Radical Milieus: Towards a Research Agenda. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 14(6), s. 2–13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Questions about why and how terrorist groups, radical milieus and the individuals that comprise them do not carry out more violence than they do – particularly when they apparently have the ability and opportunity to do so – have tended to receive less scholarly attention than questions about what leads towards violence or why it abates. Yet if we look closely at almost any group, we can usually find evidence of some kind of restraint taking place, whether in the form of limitations on what or who is deemed an ‘appropriate’ target, or placing limits on the scale or style of violence that militants should deploy. This Special Issue of Perspectives on Terrorism, for which this article comprises the introduction, responds to this state of affairs by bringing together a series of articles that focus specifically on the issue of restraint within terrorist groups and radical milieus. This article provides a brief conceptual sketch of restraint, and makes the case that paying greater attention to restraint can offer rich rewards for researchers, policymakers and practitioners concerned with understanding and responding to political violence associated with terrorist groups and radical milieus, as well as other forms of political violence.

• Bjørgo, Tore & Ravndal, Jacob Aasland (2020). Why the Nordic Resistance Movement Restrains Its Use of Violence. Perspectives on Terrorism (PT). 14(6), s. 37–48. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The Nordic Resistance Movement (NRM) is a militant National Socialist organization that in principle embraces violent strategies, including terrorism, given the “right” circumstances. However, in practice, the organization restrains its use of violence considerably. To understand why, this article examines three interrelated topics. First, when and why does the NRM leadership permit its members to use violence? Second, why and how does the current NRM leadership restrain the organization’s use of violence? Third, how does the NRM leadership respond to cases where NRM members carry out acts of severe violence that clearly overstep the boundaries set by their leaders? Our main finding is that the NRM leadership does not – at least in principle – have any moral restraints against political violence, including mass murder, and that the main reason why the NRMrefrains from using terrorist methods is strategic calculation: such methods are perceived as counter-productive and likely to undermine the NRM’s prospects of gaining popular support and opportunities to propagate its political views via public and legal channels. As such, the NRM leaders are highly sensitive to the legal boundaries set by the government. However, they also continuously try to test and expand these boundaries through violent behaviour against the police and political enemies, and by honouring rather than punishing activists who overstep the limits officially drawn by the leadership.

• Damen, Marie-Louise & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Selecting and shaping police students in Europe: Main findings and discussion. I Bjørgo, Tore & Damen, Marie-Louise (Red.), The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment.. Routledge. ISSN 9780367228668. s. 229–240. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Damen, Marie-Louise (2020). A longitudinal and comparative European study of recruitment, education and careers in the police (RECPOL): How this project can contribute to the development of police science. I Bjørgo, Tore & Damen, Marie-Louise (Red.), The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment.. Routledge. ISSN 9780367228668. s. 3–17. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hansen, David & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Extremist Offender Management in Norway. I Basra, Rajan & Neumann, Peter (Red.), Extremist Offender Management in Europe: Country Reports. ICSR, King's College London. s. 65–76. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Borgervern mot migranter og minoriteter. I Videnskaps-Akademi, Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi Det Norske (Red.), Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi årbok 2019. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270999149. s. 139–148. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Mareš, Miroslav (2019). Comparative perspectives on vigilantism against migrants and minorities. I Bjørgo, Tore & Mareš, Miroslav (Red.), Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities. Routledge. ISSN 9781138493803. s. 305–334. doi: 10.4324/9780429485619-19. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Gjelsvik, Ingvild Magnæs (2019). Sheep in wolf’s clothing?: The taming of the Soldiers of Odin in Norway. I Bjørgo, Tore & Mareš, Miroslav (Red.), Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities. Routledge. ISSN 9781138493803. s. 257–271. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Soldiers of Odin Norway have tried very hard to communicate that they were not vigilantes and not right-wing extremists. Although they obviously have displayed some traits of vigilantism and anti-Islam opinions, they were clearly less militant and right-wing extremist than their original role model, the Soldiers of Odin in Finland. This chapter will explore why the Norwegian chapter of the Soldiers of Odin (SOO) turned out as a rather moderate variety of the phenomenon but also why it – in its stated mission to provide public safety in the streets – attracted a particular type of participants: young men with a criminal past.

• Gjelsvik, Ingvild Magnæs & Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Med flere tanker i hodet samtidig: Politiets forebyggende arbeid mot radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme. I Lid, Stian & Heierstad, Geir (Red.), Forebygging av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme. Norske handlemåter i møtet med terror. Gyldendal Akademisk. ISSN 9788205518346. s. 133–151. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Risikoen for terrorangrep i Norge er stor. Det har skjedd før og vil høyst sannsynlig skje igjen. For å redusere terrortrusler og økt polarisering er store deler av det norske velferdssamfunnet involvert i forebygging. Lærere og politi, ansatte i NAV og PST, ungdomsarbeidere og trossamfunn – listen over sentrale aktører er lang. Samtidig er det stor usikkerhet knyttet til hva som kan utgjøre en trussel. I denne boka retter etablerte og nye forskere søkelyset mot hvordan norsk forebygging praktiseres. Hvem skal forebygge? Hva fungerer og hvorfor? Virker enkelte tiltak mot sin hensikt? Hvordan organiserer man best forebygging i en velferdsstat? Hva skal til for at mennesker forlater sin ekstremisme? Disse spørsmålene belyses gjennom erfaringer fra dem som skal iverksette forebyggende tiltak, og fra dem som er eller kan være i målgruppen for tiltakene. Det norske samfunnets ønske om å forebygge radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme er større enn evnen. Når velferdsaktører forlater sine roller som hjelpere og tilretteleggere og i stedet kontrollerer og sender bekymringsmeldinger, er veien kort til stigmatisering og ekskludering. To skritt fram under forebyggingsfanen blir fort minst ett skritt tilbake. Forebygging av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme gir viktige bidrag til den offentlige samtalen om hvordan man bør forstå og innrette forebyggingen. Målet med boka er å belyse og styrke forebyggingen av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme.

• Mareš, Miroslav & Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Vigilantism against migrants and minorities: Concepts and goals of current research. I Bjørgo, Tore & Mareš, Miroslav (Red.), Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities. Routledge. ISSN 9781138493803. s. 1–30. doi: 10.4324/9780429485619-1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Vigilantism refers to organized civilians acting in a policing role without any legal authorization, using or displaying a capacity for violence, claiming that the police (or other homeland security agencies) are either unable or unwilling to handle a perceived crime problem. Vigilante activities are often targeting migrants and minorities, based on allegations that these categories of people are sources of crime. Focusing on this form of vigilantism, this study will address the following issues:

• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Preventing organised crime originating from outlaw motorcycle clubs. Trends in Organized Crime. ISSN 1084-4791. 22(1), s. 84–122. doi: 10.1007/s12117-017-9322-7. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  How can a holistic model of crime prevention be applied to crime originating from outlaw motorcycle clubs? The police in different countries and even in different police districts have varied considerably in the ways they have dealt with these outlaw MC clubs and the criminal activities associated with them. Some police forces have mainly applied a repressive criminal justice approach whereas others have put more emphasis on dialogue, prevention and harm reduction. This article will argue for a comprehensive approach which combines “soft” and “hard” measures, based on a holistic model of crime prevention developed in my previous works (Bjørgo 2013, 2016), based on nine preventive mechanisms. Several preventive actors beyond the police possess a variety of measures which can be implemented to activate these preventive mechanisms. Such a holistic approach reduces the need to rely on repressive approaches alone. Most of the examples in this article are from Norway and Denmark.

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Bjørgo, Tore & Damen, Marie-Louise (2020). The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment. Routledge. ISBN 9780367228668. 248 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Mareš, Miroslav (2019). Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities. Routledge. ISBN 9781138493803. 342 s. doi: 10.4324/9780429485619. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

Se alle arbeider i NVA

• Bjørgo, Tore; Thomassen, Gunnar; Berntsen, Benedicte Nordahl & Strype, Jon (2026). Hets og trusler mot politikere: En spørreundersøkelse blant medlemmer av regjering, storting og partienes sentralstyrer i 2025. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Spørreundersøkelse har flere formål. Den første er å få oppdatert innsikt i hvilke kategorier av politikere som blir mest utsatt for ulike typer hendelser, hvor alvorlige, omfattende og hyppige slike truende hendelser er, og hva slags konsekvenser disse hendelsene får for politikerne selv. I denne siste undersøkelsen har man et bredere datagrunnlag enn tidligere ved at man har data som dekker flere kategorier politikere. Spørreundersøkelsene har vært gjennomført tre ganger tidligere, på slutten av stortingsperiodene i 2013, 2017, 2021.

• Bjørgo, Tore & Berg-Nordlie, Mikkel (2026). Hatkriminalitet rettet mot samer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Presentasjon av resultatene fra en spørreundersøkelse overfor emdlemmer av Sametinget og partienes samepolitiske utvalg. Undersøkelsen hadde til hensikt å kartlegge deres erfaringer med hets og trusler, og få et innblikk i hvilke konsekvenser disse erfaringene har hatt for deres privatliv og politiske virke. Undersøkelsen inngår i “Handlingsplan mot hets og diskriminering av samer 2025-2030”, og er finansiert av Kultur- og likestillingsdepartementet som et oppdrag gitt til Politihøgskolen. Tilsvarende undersøkelser er tidligere gjennomført overfor medlememr av Storting, regjering og partienes sentralstyrer, samt li\okalpolitikere. Vi vil undersøke om det er noe som skiller samepolitikernes erfaringer med hets og trusler fra de erfaringene lokalpolitikere og rikspolitikere har med hets og trusler. Vi har en hypotese om at hetsen mot samiske politikere er særlig knyttet til deres samiske identitet, og at dette har sterkere negative konsekvenser enn det har for andre politikere. Resultatene fra undersøkelsen bekreftet disse antagelsene. Presentasjonen satte dette i i en bredere konteklst om antisamisme.

• Bjørgo, Tore (2025). Forebygging av hatkriminalitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  En helhetlig modell for forebygging av hatkriminalitet, presentert på politiets nasjonale hatkrim-konferanse 2025.

• Bjørgo, Tore & Fangen, Katrine (2025). Jonas Bals fortsetter å angripe oss for meninger vi ikke har. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). Tre foredrag: "Endringsmekanismer i ekstremistiske karrierer", "Dimensjoner av endring", og "Høyreekstrem vold, terror og hatkriminalitet". Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). Security and safety in researching violent extremism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). Bokanmeldelse av Sondre Onsgaard Lindahl: "Kampen mot terrorisme: Strategier og bekjempelse". Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 65(4), s. 273–278. doi: 10.18261/tfs.65.4.5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). Foredrag på mentorutdanningen ved RVTS Vest om ekstremistiske karrierer. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Fangen, Katrine (2024). Har Jonas Bals lest forskningen vår på nynazisme? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). Preventing Hate Crime: A holistic approach. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). A Holistic Approach to Preventing Hate Crime. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2024). Preventing Hate Crime. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Solhjell, Randi; Sivenbring, Jennie & Lindekilde, Lasse (2023). The Same, But Different: Policies, Perceptions and Practices of Multiagency PVE work in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland. Right Now!. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Harasment and threats towards polticians; A survey of Norwegian parliamentarians, cabinet ministers and executive committee members of political parties and their youth wings. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It is increasingly recognised that threats and harassment directed at politicians and political commentators not only create fear and insecurity for those exposed to them, but that they also constitute a threat to democratic processes and participation in political life. We are learning more about how politicians at all levels experience undue approaches in the form of intimidation and harassment, but also in some cases serious threats of themselves or their families being killed or harmed. For a considerable proportion of those at the receiving end of such threats and hate speech this has consequences for both their private and political lives. It can for example result in a reluctance to comment on or engage with controversial issues, or that they consider quitting politics altogether.

• Bjørgo, Tore; Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Patterns and Consequences of Threats towards Politicians. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Jupskås, Anders Ravik; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Threats and harassment against politicians in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Anti-government extremism refers to groups and actors rejecting the legitimacy of state power, and sometimes threatening or using violence to make their case. Some of these movements are issue-driven (like opposition to pandemic restrictions) whereas others reject the legitimacy of state power as a matter of ideological principle. These movements bring together participants from very diverse ideological camps: from the far right, libertarians, conspiracy theorists, anarchists, anti-vax… Most are peaceful but some are violent, some are well-known extremists, others have never before been politically engaged. However, the far right take advantage of these issues. They often take the lead, promoting narratives and conspiracy theories that bring new people into their fold, and try to escalate demonstrations into violence. This panel will present four papers that address different aspects of anti-government extremism: the QAnon conspiracy theory and its impact on violence; the Reichsbürger movement in Germany; the impact of Anti-Measures and Anti-Vaxx movements on anti-state extremism in German-speaking countries; and Patterns and Consequences of Threats against Politicians in Norway.

• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990-2021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Trusler mot politikere øker. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugstvedt, Håvard & Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Ungdom og ekstremisme i 2021 – En studie av ungdommers vurdering av ekstremisme og forebygging av ekstremisme i Norge. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Fem dimensjoner av endring i ekstremistiske karrierer (Faktorer som har betydning for individers veier ut av ekstremisme). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Anti-statlig ekstremisme ─ en ny trussel? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). 11 år siden 22. juli - hvor står ekstremismen i dag? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Nordic Multiagency Approaches to Handling Extremism: Policies, Perceptions and Practices (HEX-NA) - main findings from research project. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Preventing Hate Crime: A holistic approach. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Forebygging av hatkriminalitet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Threats and harassment against local politicians in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Interagency collaboration between municipalities, schools social services and the police in Norway and the Nordic countries. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence: Patterns and Trends. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Høyreekstrem vold, terror og hatkriminalitet: Begreper og trender. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Høyreekstremisme: Ideologiske retninger og mønstre i vold og terror. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2021). Book Note on Trottier, Daniel; Rashid Gabdulhakov & Qian Huang (2020) Introducing Vigilant Audiences. Journal of Peace Research. ISSN 0022-3433. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2021). 30 år etter slaget i Brumunddal: NRK PT Ekko. [Radio]. NRK P2 Ekko. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2021). Podcast: Ekstremister på Rehab? Samtale mellom Tore Bjørgo og fengselsbetjent Per Anders Magnes om rehabilitering av straffedømte ekstremister. Programleder: Maria Korkunc. [Internet]. Universtitetsplassen (UiOs podcast). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2021). Podkast: 10 år etter 22. juli: Økt hets mot politikere hemmer rekrutteringen. [Internet]. Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2021). Podkast: 10 år etter 22. juli: Økt hets mot politikere hemmer rekrutteringen. [Internet]. Universitetsplassen (UiOs podcastserie). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Haugstvedt, Håvard & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). What can democracies do to prevent extremist violence? I Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Leidig, Eviane (Red.), Knowing what’s (far) right. A compendium. 7Letras. s. 68–70. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Challenges and possibilities for Preventing Lone Actor Mass Shootings. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Trender i høyreekstrem terrorisme. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). De-radicalisation, disengagement and reintegration of former extremists. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Digitalt foredrag om trusler mot muslimer og forebyggende tiltak. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Dimensions of change in extremist careers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Om "avradikalisering" og reintegrering av tidligere ekstremister. [Radio]. NRK Verdibørsen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Om forebyggende innsatser i kommunene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Cut and Paste of Best Practices? Requirements for successful multiagency collaboration against violent extremism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Foredrag om høyreekstremisme. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Høyreekstremisme og vold. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Innspill om forebygging på kommunalt nivå. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Trends in Far-Right Violence and Terrorism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Smit, Quinta (2020). Lessons from crime prevention in preventing violent extremism by police. RAN Issue Paper. s. 1–13. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  This paper explores whether the mechanisms and measures used in crime prevention work in preventing violent extremism (PVE). Although this paper argues that in general the mechanisms and principles of crime prevention are applicable to PVE, it also illustrates that certain successful crime prevention measures may have little, or even an adverse, effect in PVE. The paper then outlines a number of cross-cutting challenges in PVE, some of which can only be addressed by long-term police commitment. That being said, a significant challenge in reducing violent extremism lies in finding the right balance between short-term strategies (often repressive measures) and long-term strategies (for example, trust-building). The main conclusion of this paper is that PVE /can and should be approached with a holistic crime prevention framework, where — as long as police seek collaboration with other agencies and civil society organisations (CSOs) — police have a role to play in primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.

• Bjørgo, Tore & Munden, Hanna Paalgard (2020). What explains why people join and leave far-right groups? I Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Leidig, Eviane (Red.), Knowing what’s (far) right. A compendium. 7Letras. s. 59–61. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2020). Hva får unge mennesker til å gå inn i voldelige ekstremistgrupper? Og hva gjør at noen kommer seg ut og videre i livet? [Radio]. Sommer i P2. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). 22. juli-angrepet: Fra avvik til vendepunkt for utviklingen av høyreekstrem terror. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Forebygging av kriminalitet - en helhetlig modell relatert til voldelig ekstremisme. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Sheep in Wolf’s Clothing? The Taming of the Soldiers of Odin in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Five Dimensions of Change in Extremist Careers. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Høyreekstremisme, vold og terror: Begreper og mønstre. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Høyreekstremisme, vold og terror: Begreper, mønstre og forebygging. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Assessing Extremist Careers and Exit Processes: A Multi-Dimensional Approach. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Høyreekstrem vold og terrorisme: Mønstre, forebygging og ungdommenes mulige roller. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Solhjell, Randi & Carlsson, Yngve (2019). Practises in Interagency Collaboration against Violent Extremism at the City Level (Panel on "Nordic Multiagency Approaches to Handling Extremism"). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Borgervern mot migranter og minoriteter. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Changes in right-wing extremism in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). RTV Trend Report 2020: Right Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 – 2019. Who are the bad guys? What are they doing? What should be preventive responses by police? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Right-Wing Extremism and Violence: Concepts, trends and responses. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore (2019). Vigilantism against Migrants and Minorities. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore & Ravndal, Jacob Aasland (2019). Extreme-Right Violence and Terrorism: Concepts, Patterns,and Responses. ICCT Research paper. ISSN 2468-0494. doi: 10.19165/2019.1.08. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In this paper, Tore Bjørgo and Jacob Aasland Ravndal attempt to conceptualise the extreme-right, in the context of its tendency to be overshadowed by the larger-scale, higher-casualty, Jihadism. As a result of this international and scholarly focus on Jihadist terrorism, the authors note the consequent deficit in research on the topic of violence and extremism from the extreme right—in particular, on target selection, perpetrators, patterns of action, and facilitating conditions. In an effort to begin to fill this gap, and thus improve practitioners’ ability to deal with the threat, the authors bring into focus the distinctions between extreme-right violence and Jihadism. This Policy Brief concludes with recommendations on how relevant authorities can and should respond to this distinct form of political violence.

• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Tandberg, Charlotte; Sessolo, Simone; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2023). RTV Trend Report 2023: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2022. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Noer, Christian; Gøtzsche-Astrup, Oluf; Lindekilde, Lasse; Fjellman, Anna Maria; Sivenbring, Jennie & Bjørgo, Tore [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Public Perceptions of CVE Policies and Attitudes Towards Reporting Concerns of Radicalization in the Nordic Countries. Centre for Documentation and Counter Extremism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Noer, Christian; Gøtzsche-Astrup, Oluf; Lindekilde, Lasse; Fjellman, Anna Maria; Bjørgo, Tore & Solhjell, Randi [Vis alle 16 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Public Perceptions of CVE Policies and Attitudes Towards Reporting Concerns of Radicalization in the Nordic Countries. Danish National Center for Prevention of Extremism. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2022). Harassment and threats: A survey of Norwegian parliamentarians, cabinet ministers and executive committee members of political parties and their youth wings. Politihøgskolen. ISSN 9788278081693. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  It is increasingly recognised that threats and harassment directed at politicians and political commentators not only create fear and insecurity for those exposed to them, but that they also constitute a threat to democratic processes and participation in political life. We are learning more about how politicians at all levels experience undue approaches in the form of intimidation and harassment, but also in some cases serious threats of themselves or their families being killed or harmed. For a considerable proportion of those at the receiving end of such threats and hate speech this has consequences for both their private and political lives. It can for example result in a reluctance to comment on or engage with controversial issues, or that they consider quitting politics altogether (for further reading - see page 7-10).

• Haugstvedt, Håvard & Bjørgo, Tore (2022). Ungdom og ekstremisme i 2021 - En studie av ungdommers vurdering av ekstremisme og forebygging i Norge. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bjørgo, Tore; Thomassen, Gunnar & Strype, Jon (2021). Trakassering og trusler mot politikere: En spørreundersøkelse blant medlemmer av Stortinget, regjeringen og sentralstyrene i partiene og ungdomspartiene. Politihøgskolen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Det er en økende erkjennelse av at trusler og trakassering mot politikere og politiske meningsbærere ikke bare skaper frykt og utrygghet for de som blir utsatt for dette, men at det også utgjør en trussel mot demokratiske prosesser og politisk deltakelse. Det er Politiets sikkerhetstjeneste (PST) som har oppgaven med å ivareta sikkerheten til medlemmer av regjeringen og Stortinget (samt kongehuset og Høyesterett), ofte benevnt som «myndighetspersoner». For å få et bredere kunnskapsgrunnlag for trusselanalyser og sikkerhetsrådgivning overfor topp-politikerne har PST mot slutten av de tre siste stortingsperiodene gitt Politihøgskolen i oppdrag å gjennomføre spørreundersøkelser for å kartlegge politikernes egne erfaringer med trusler og trakassering, hvilke konsekvenser dette har hatt for deres politiske virksomhet og privatliv, og hvordan de har opplevd oppfølgingen. Undersøkelsen har tidligere blitt gjennomført i 2013 og 2017 overfor stortingsrepresentanter og regjeringsmedlemmer. I denne tredje undersøkelsen er oppdraget utvidet til også å inkludere medlemmer av sentralstyrene for ungdomspartiene. Denne spørreundersøkelsen har flere formål. Det første er å få oppdatert innsikt i hvilke kategorier av politikere som blir mest utsatt for ulike typer hendelser, hvor alvorlige, omfattende og hyppige slike truende hendelser er, og hva slags konsekvenser disse hendelsene får for politikerne selv. Det andre formålet er å undersøke om det har skjedd viktige endringer mellom de tre datainnsamlingene i 2013, 2017 og 2021. Det tredje formålet er mer praktisk, ved å gi PST et bredere kunnskapsgrunnlag som kan benyttes til risikoanalyser og sikkerhetsrådgivning overfor myndighetspersoner og andre politikere. Et fjerde formål er å kunne bruke disse ulike datakildene til forskning om trusler mot demokratiet og ekstremisme rettet mot myndigheter og politikere. Hovedbildet er at folkevalgte på alle nivåer – fra lokalpolitikk til ungdomspolitikere og opp til storting og regjering – risikerer en uønsket belastning i form av hets og trakassering. Denne belastningen øker jo høyere posisjoner man får i det politiske hierarkiet, og med graden av medieeksponering.

• Bjørgo, Tore (2021). Country Norway. In: J. Mulhall and S. Khan-Ruf. State of Hate: Far-Right Extremism in Europe 2021. London: Hope not Hate. Hope not Hate. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ravndal, Jacob Aasland; Lygren, Sofia; Jupskås, Anders Ravik & Bjørgo, Tore (2020). RTV Trend Report 2020: Right-Wing Terrorism and Violence in Western Europe, 1990 - 2019. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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